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01:0201:02, 28 February 2026 Budd-chiari syndrome (hist | edit) [2,984 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Any pathophysiological process resulting in hepatic venous outflow tract obstruction. * Primary Budd-Chiari - predominantly venous process (thrombosis or phlebitis) * Secondary Budd-Chiari - compression or invasion of the hepatic veins and/or the IVC by a lesion from outside the lumen == Risk factors == * Typically 20-40yo * Female 3:1 * Prothrombotic risk factors: ** Myeloproliferative disorders - test via JAK2 ** COCP ** Factor V leiden ** Prothrombin G20210A mutati...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0101:01, 28 February 2026 Liver abscess (hist | edit) [10,268 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " Three types of abscess, differentiated by causative organism: * Pyogenic * Amoebic * Fungal == '''Pyogenic abscesses''' == * '''Risk factors''' ** Diabetes ** Underlying hepatobiliary disease (cirrhosis) ** CKD ** History of malignancy ** Liver transplant *** Specifically risks are: **** Hepatic infarction from vascular thrombosis or anastomotic stenosis **** Ischaemic cholangiopathy **** Biliary anastomotic stricture *** Treatment is similar to non-transplant settin...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0101:01, 28 February 2026 Hydatid disease (hist | edit) [8,039 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "AKA Echinococcal cyst disease of the liver * Most commonly Echinococcus granulosus ** Canine primary host (lives in ileum), large grass-eating mammals such as sheep are intermediate host ** Faecal-oral transmission of larval form of tapeworm from intermediate host to humans ** Endemic in Africa, middle east, south america, Asia, and parts of Europe, Australia, New Zealand * Echinococcus multilocularis (rare) ** Rodent-fox life cycle ** Endemic parts of Eastern Europe, R...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0001:00, 28 February 2026 Liver metastases (hist | edit) [8,590 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " The most common malignant tumours of the liver * The large majority will have unresectable liver or extra-hepatic malignancy * Surgeons will be involved with select cases only * Describe as synchronous or metachronous (>1 year after primary disease was diagnosed) ** Synchronous has a worse prognosis == '''Potential sources:''' == * GIT ** Colon/rectum ** Stomach ** Pancreas ** Biliary * Genitourinary ** Renal ** Prostate * Neuroendocrine * Breast * Eye (melanoma) * S...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5900:59, 28 February 2026 Rare hepatic malignancies (hist | edit) [1,424 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Intra-hepatic cholangiocarcinoma == * See separate topic == Hepatoblastoma == * Most common primary hepatic tumour of childhood (almost all cases occur before 3yo) * Associated with FAP * Derived from fetal or embryonic hepatocytic progenitors, and mesenchymal elements are often present * Generally asymptomatic mass * Most have elevated AFP * Survival dependent on complete resection * Long-term survival of 60-70% with complete resection * Can cause pulmonary mets,...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5900:59, 28 February 2026 Hepatocellular carcinoma (hist | edit) [17,920 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "''HCC'' == '''Epidemiology''' == * Most common in Asia/sub-Saharan Africa (where HBV is rampant) * Primarily men 50-60yo == '''Risk factors:''' == * Essentially, chronic inflammation, mostly in the setting of cirrhosis ** Cirrhosis of any cause (present in 80% of patients with FCC, but not required) ** Chronic HBV in the absence of cirrhosis (most common individual cause worldwide) ** HCV in Western countries ** Obesity and NASH/NAFLD (becoming more important) ** Afl...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5700:57, 28 February 2026 Liver haemangioma (hist | edit) [4,861 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Epidemiology == * Most common benign tumour of liver * Women 4:1 * Typically 20-50yo == Aetiology == * Cause unclear * ?congenital lesions complicated by vascular ectasia * ?Acquired abnormality of normal hepatic vasculature with abnormal enlargement * ?hormonal association == Pathophysiology == * Benign * Typically solitary * >5cm = 'giant' * Microscopically: dilated, cavernous vascular channels of various sizes, lined by a single layer of flat endothelium and f...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5700:57, 28 February 2026 Benign liver lesions (hist | edit) [5,400 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " '''From most to least common''' == '''Haemangioma''' == * See separate topic == '''Focal nodular hyperplasia''' == * Epidemiology ** Second most common benign liver lesion ** Overwhelming majority are unifocal ** Most <5cm ** Most common in women 20-50 ** Minimal association with OCPs, if at all * Aetiology ** Unknown ** Theorised to result from a developmental vascular malformation * Pathophysiology ** Polyclonal proliferation of normal liver parenchyma/hepatocytes...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5600:56, 28 February 2026 Liver cysts (hist | edit) [8,020 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Pathophysiology == * Fluid-filled lesions lined by a single layer of epithelium == Presentation == * Majority are incidental findings * Workup is aimed at excluding malignancy * LFT and WCC * Ask about: ** Foreign travel ** Drinking unfiltered water ** Contact with livestock == '''Benign''' == === '''Simple cyst''' === ** Present in 5-18% of people ** Pathophysiology *** Arise congenitally from aberrant intra-hepatic bile ducts that lose connection to the biliar...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5500:55, 28 February 2026 Portal hypertension (hist | edit) [5,850 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Defined as portal pressure gradient > 5mm Hg * Portal pressure gradient: the difference in pressure between PV and the hepatic veins * Measuring the gradient: ** Best method - transfemoral hepatic vein catheterisation with a balloon tip catheter == Aetiology == * Increased PV resistance ** Pre-sinusoidal *** PV, splenic or SMV thrombosis **** Most common pre-hepatic cause **** If PV is thrombosed in the absence of liver disease, bypassing collateral vessels develop to...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5400:54, 28 February 2026 Cirrhosis (hist | edit) [7,258 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ''Cirrhosis is a histological diagnosis characterised by the development of fibrous septa surrounding hepatocellular nodules, and results in synthetic deficiencies and portal hypertension.'' == Aetiology == * Chronic viral hepatitis * Alcoholic liver disease * Haemochromatosis * Nonalcohol fatty liver disease * Also: ** Autoimmune hepatitis ** Primary and secondary biliary cirrhosis ** PSC ** Medications ** Wilson disease == Pathophysiology == * The end result of a...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5300:53, 28 February 2026 Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (hist | edit) [1,805 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " SBP == '''Risk factors''' == * Nearly always an indicator of severe liver disease - mostly CP-C. Poor short and long-term prognosis. * 30% of cirrhotic patients with ascites develop it == '''Pathophysiology''' == * An ascites fluid infection that occurs spontaneously without any overt source - probably mostly spreads from blood, or direct bacterial translocation through bowel. But the primary source is most likely GIT. * Translocation may occur due to intestinal hyp...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5200:52, 28 February 2026 Ascites (hist | edit) [7,251 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "''Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.'' == '''Aetiology''' == * '''Portal hypertension''' ** Cirrhosis (>80%) *** ''Caused by renal sodium/water retention and portal hypertension -> increased hydrostatic pressure within hepatic sinusoids and splanchnic vasculature, driving extravasation into the extracellular compartment'' ** Non-cirrhotic *** Pre-hepatic PV obstruction (chronic mesenteric venous thrombosis or multiple hepatic metastases) *** Post-...") Tag: Visual edit

23:2923:29, 27 February 2026 Splenectomy (hist | edit) [4,453 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " For '''trauma splenectomy''' see separate topic under 'trauma' == '''Indications''' == * See separate topics == '''Approach''' == * Laparoscopic preferred where possible {| class="wikitable" | |Advantages |Disadvantages |- |Laparoscopic | ** Reduced hospital stay ** Faster overall recovery ** Similar oncological/haematological long-term outcomes ** Safe in pregnancy if required | ** Longer operating time ** Hard for large spleens ** Not good in trauma |- |Open | **...") Tag: Visual edit
23:2823:28, 27 February 2026 Spleen register (hist | edit) [147 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "https://spleen.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Spleen-Australia-ADULT-medical-recommendations-asplenia-hyposplenism-v42-1.pdf Category:Spleen") Tag: Visual edit
23:2723:27, 27 February 2026 Splenomegaly (hist | edit) [1,456 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Massive splenomegaly: == * >1000-1500g == Pathophysiology == * Engorgement with blood due to vascular pressure * Haemolysis * Infiltration by other cells or material == Aetiology == {| class="wikitable" |'''Congestive''' |- |Cirrhosis |- |Heart failure |- |Thrombosis of portal, hepatic, or splenic veins |- |'''Malignancy''' |- |Lymphoma, usually indolent variants |- |Acute and chronic leukemias |- |Polycythemia vera |- |Multiple myeloma and its variants |- |Essent...") Tag: Visual edit
23:2723:27, 27 February 2026 Wandering spleen (hist | edit) [686 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Aetiology''' == * Congenital failure of spleen to form normal peritoneal attachments, through failure of fusion of dorsal mesogastrium to posterior abdominal wall * Acquired defects in peritoneal attachments in multiparous women, due to hormonal changes and abdominal laxity == '''Pathophysiology''' == * Both aetiological theories lead to a long pedicle which is prone to torsion == '''Presentation''' == * Intermittent abdominal pain * Splenomegaly from venous...") Tag: Visual edit
23:2623:26, 27 February 2026 Splenic abscess (hist | edit) [1,470 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Risk factors''' == * HIV AIDS * Malignancy * Septicaemia * Haemoglobinopathies * IV drug use * Prior splenic trauma * Polycythaemia vera == '''Aetiology''' == * '''Haematogenous''' (70%) ** Endocarditis ** Pneumonia ** Gastrointestinal perforation ** Arteriovenous malformation ** Osteomyelitis * '''Local spread''' (30%) ** Infected peri-pancreatic collection ** Diverticulitis ** Pyelonephritis/renal abscess == '''Microbiology''' == * Gram positive cocci and...") Tag: Visual edit
23:2623:26, 27 February 2026 Splenic infarct (hist | edit) [2,006 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Principles''' == * Most infarcts occur for a reason - either embolic or because of a prothrombotic state - and the cause needs to be found ** Older patients - cardioembolic/atherosclerotic ** Younger patients - APS, haematological disorders, infections * Most patients get anticoagulation * Intervention is reserved for complications - abscess, haemorrhage == '''Risk factors''' == * 72% had a comorbidity a/w splenic infarction == '''Aetiology''' == === '''Embol...") Tag: Visual edit
23:2523:25, 27 February 2026 Splenic cysts (hist | edit) [1,764 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Aetiological classification''' == * '''Non-parasitic''' ** Type 1 (primary - 10%) *** True cysts - epithelial lining *** Often positive for CA19-9 and CEA *** Congenital *** Epithelioid - benign *** Mesenchymal (rare) *** Dermoid (rare) ** Type 2 (secondary - 90%) *** False cysts - no epithelial lining *** Radiologically - smooth, thick-walled, unilocular, sometimes with focal calcifications *** Usually post-traumatic - subcapsular haematoma that failed to reabso...") Tag: Visual edit
23:2523:25, 27 February 2026 Splenic solid lesions (hist | edit) [2,667 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Benign''' == * '''Inflammatory''' ** '''Sarcoidosis''' * '''Congenital''' ** '''Lymphangioma''' *** Rare, benign, slow-growing *** Mainly seen in childhood *** Endothelium-lined cysts *** Present as splenomegaly secondary to cyst enlargement *** Lymphangiosarcoma can be found within the lesion *** Splenectomy appropriate ** '''Primary cyst''' * '''Acquired''' ** '''False cyst''' ** '''Infarction''' * '''Vascular''' ** '''Haemangioma''' *** Most common *** Usually...") Tag: Visual edit
23:2423:24, 27 February 2026 Splenectomy for haematologic disorders (hist | edit) [14,955 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Indications for splenectomy in general''' == * Symptomatic splenomegaly ** Abdo pain ** Early satiety ** Weight loss ** Abdo distension * Cytopaenia * Unexplained splenomegaly - consider splenectomy == '''Relevant disorders''' == === '''Autoimmune and idiopathic disorders''' === ==== '''Immune thrombocytopaenia (ITP) -''' previously known as idiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura ==== *** Most common haematological indication for resection *** ''Pathophysiology...") Tag: Visual edit
23:1623:16, 27 February 2026 Jejunostomy (hist | edit) [3,043 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== '''Contraindications''' == * Infected overlying skin * Severe ascites * Peritonitis * Severe coagulopathy * Haemodynamic instability == '''Open technique''' == * Identify jejunum 40-60cm distal to ligament of Treitz, and mark distal and proximal ends * Double-layer purse-string with 3/0 PDS, leaving needles on both. Orient one proximal and one distal for subsequent suturing to peritoneum * Enterotomy with diathermy * Pass feeding tube through abdominal wall and int...") Tag: Visual edit
23:1523:15, 27 February 2026 Small bowel conduit (hist | edit) [788 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Principles == * Must divide back at level of jejunal branches, not the arcades or vasa rectae, to prevent ischaemia * If making a free graft, it technically could be any section of jejunum which gets used. However, the largest arteries are found proximally, so that is generally best. == Technique == * Divide mesentery just beyond the DJ flexure * A point on jejunum 20-25cm distal to DJ flexure usually corresponds to 3rd or 4th jejunal artery, and should give adequa...") Tag: Visual edit
23:1423:14, 27 February 2026 Closure of loop ileostomy (hist | edit) [2,998 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Indications''' == * Original area of concern has completely healed, and there is functional anatomy distal to the ileostomy site * The distal problem is unsalvageable, and in order to minimise fluid imbalances or restore full access to the colon, the ileostomy is taken down and converted to a colostomy == '''Contraindications''' == * Less than 6-12 weeks since index operation * Distal obstruction * Uncorrected distal problem * Persistent poor performance status...") Tag: Visual edit
23:1323:13, 27 February 2026 Small bowel resection (hist | edit) [1,070 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Technique == * Run small bowel from ligament of Treitz to ICJ * Identify segment to resect * Open resection ** Set-up *** Expose the bowel on a moist pad *** Select limits of resection and make mesenteric windows adjacent to bowel *** Score the serosa in a V shape through the superficial peritoneal layer only *** *** Divide the deeper layer of mesentery **** LigaSure **** Artery clips/Roberts and 2/0 vicryl ties *** Resection **** Non-crushing intestinal clamps on t...") Tag: Visual edit
23:1223:12, 27 February 2026 Operations for crohn's disease (hist | edit) [5,721 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== '''Pre-op''' == * Anti-TNF agents (infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab) - a/w increased operative complications - controversial ** Ideally last dose >4/52 pre-op ** UC - possible a/w pelvic sepsis after IPAA - 3-stage approach favoured in patients on anti-TNF drugs ** CD - possible increase in complications, but controversial and not clear ** Vedolizumab *** Ideally last dose 4-8/52 pre-op *** UC - no increased risk of infection *** CD - similar rates of infection...") Tag: Visual edit
23:1023:10, 27 February 2026 Crohn's disease (hist | edit) [34,747 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ''Crohn's disease is a chronic transmural inflammatory disease of the GIT'' == '''History''' == * First documented by Morgagni in 1761 * Landmark paper by Crohn et al in 1932 that truly defined the disease == '''Epidemiology''' == * Most common in Western countries * Bimodal onset - mostly 15-25yo, with a second smaller peak around 60yo == '''Risk factors''' == * Previous tonsillectomy/appendicectomy * Urban living * Equal gender balance * Smoking (OR 2) * Born du...") Tag: Visual edit
23:0823:08, 27 February 2026 Internal hernia (hist | edit) [1,866 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Congenital internal hernias''' == * Abnormal retroperitoneal fixation of the mesentery resulting in anomalous intestinal position (mesocolic or paraduodenal hernias) ** Mesocolic: the small intestine herniates behind the mesocolon. Result from abnormal rotation of the midgut. Categorised as left or right. *** Right: most of small intestine remains to the right of SMA, and becomes trapped behind the mesentery of the right colon. Ileocolic, right colic and middle c...") Tag: Visual edit
23:0723:07, 27 February 2026 Mesenteric disease (hist | edit) [4,078 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Mesenteric cysts''' == * Pathophysiology ** Most commonly mesothelial cysts ** Duplication cyst - see separate topic ** 60% small bowel mesentery, 40% colon mesentery * Presentation ** Abdominal pain, fever, vomiting * Management ** Enucleation generally effective, as local vasculature is not adherent to cyst wall ** Internal drainage into the peritoneal cavity has been successfully used to very large cysts ** Aspiration alone has a high rate of recurrence ** Nee...") Tag: Visual edit
23:0623:06, 27 February 2026 Omental disease (hist | edit) [1,417 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Omental cysts == * Epidemiology ** Most common in children and young adults * Pathophysiology ** Thought to arise from congenital or acquired obstruction of omental lymphatics ** Can be unilocular or multilocular ** Lined by lymphatic endothelium * Presentation ** Usually found incidentally, asymptomatic ** Larger cysts may present as a palpable abdominal mass * Differential diagnosis ** Cysts and solid tumours of the mesentery, peritoneum, and retroperitoneum * Diag...") Tag: Visual edit
23:0523:05, 27 February 2026 Small bowel ulcerations (hist | edit) [132 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "left|thumb|603x603px|Aetiology of small bowel ulcerations") Tag: Visual edit
23:0323:03, 27 February 2026 Duplication cyst (hist | edit) [1,259 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " GI duplication cyst == Epidemiology == A rare congenital malformation. 1 in 4500. Mostly symptomatic within first two years of life Usually not communicating with bowel lumen, but can fistulate Most common in ileum == Pathophysiology == * An epithelial lining corresponding to part of the gut * Defined layer of smooth muscle * Close approximation with part of the gut, including possibly sharing a common wall == Classify based on location == * Foregut duplication...") Tag: Visual edit
23:0223:02, 27 February 2026 Meckel's diverticula (hist | edit) [2,902 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Epidemiology == * Incidence 2% * Equal incidence men and women == Pathophysiology == * Remnant of proximal vitelline (omphalomesenteric) duct (connects embryonic midgut to the yolk sac). Results from incomplete closure. * Lined by pluripotent cells - therefore, can find heterotopic tissue inside ** Usually normal ileal mucosa ** Gastric mucosa in 50% ** Pancreatic mucosa in 5% ** Colonic mucosa rarely * Projects from antimesenteric border 45-60cm from ICV. * Range...") Tag: Visual edit
23:0123:01, 27 February 2026 Jejunal/ileal diverticula (hist | edit) [1,472 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Epidemiology == * Less common than duodenal diverticula - incidence 0.1-1.4% in autopsy series * Mainly occur in >50yo == Pathophysiology == * Jejunal more common and larger than ileal * Commonly multiple * False diverticula protruding from mesenteric border, embedded within mesentery * Thought to develop due to motor dysfunction of the smooth muscle or the myenteric plexus, resulting in disordered contractions, generating increased intra-luminal pressure and herni...") Tag: Visual edit
23:0123:01, 27 February 2026 Duodenal diverticula (hist | edit) [3,396 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Epidemiology == * Relatively common - second most common site after colon * Found on 1-5% of radiographic studies, and 9-23% of ERCPs, and 15-20% of autopsies == Risk factors == * Twice as common in women * Rare in patients younger than 40 == Pathophysiology == * Congenital vs acquired * Extra-luminal vs intra-luminal ** Extra-luminal - much more common, acquired, consist of mucosal or submucosal outpouchings herniated through a muscle defect in the bowel wall *...") Tag: Visual edit
23:0023:00, 27 February 2026 SMA syndrome (hist | edit) [2,120 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ''Vascular compression of the duodenum'' * ''Also known as Wilkie syndrome and cast syndrome'' == '''Epidemiology''' == * Rare == '''Risk factors''' == * Weight loss leading to reduction in mesenteric fat pad * Supine immobilisation * Scoliosis * Placement of a body cast * Associated with PUD * Anorexia nervosa * Seen after proctocolectomy and J-pouch anal anastomosis, resection of an AVF of the cervical cord, AAA repair, and orthopaedic procedures (usually spinal s...") Tag: Visual edit
22:5922:59, 27 February 2026 Short bowel syndrome (hist | edit) [6,982 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ''The malabsorption and malnutrition that occur with <180cm of small bowel in adults'' == '''Aetiology''' == * Resectional ** Single massive bowel resection (75%) *** Intestinal ischaemia *** Midgut volvulus *** Traumatic SMA injury *** Necrotizing enterocolitis ** Multiple resections (25%) *** Usually Crohn disease * Non-resectional ** Enterocyte failure *** Autoimmune *** Microvillous inclusion *** Tufting enteropathy ** Dysmotility ** Bariatric procedures ** Intest...") Tag: Visual edit
22:5722:57, 27 February 2026 Small bowel motility disorders (hist | edit) [1,805 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction == * Mimics mechanical small bowel obstruction * Three forms - All lead to disorganised motility with ineffective, uncoordinated contractile activity, and markedly slowed propagation and transit of intestinal content ** Histopathologic myopathy of smooth muscle - familial visceral myopathy *** Markedly abnormal amplitude of contractions and coordination *** Affects entire GIT and GUT over time - megacolon, megaureter,...") Tag: Visual edit
22:5622:56, 27 February 2026 Blind loop syndrome (hist | edit) [1,484 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ''Rare condition caused by bacterial overgrowth in stagnant areas of the small bowel'' == Aetiology (areas where it can occur) == * Stricture * Stenosis * Fistulas * Diverticula == Pathophysiology == * Usual mechanisms to limit bacterial populations: ** Continuous flow of luminal content ** Gastric acidity ** Local effects of immunoglobulins * Impact of overgrowth ** Bile salt deconjugation and dihydroxylation in proximal small bowel, rendering them ineffective, and...") Tag: Visual edit
22:5622:56, 27 February 2026 Pneumatosis intestinalis (hist | edit) [3,006 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ''The presence of gas within bowel wall. A finding which can be either primary or secondary, and not always related to small bowel ischaemia.'' == Epidemiology == * Uncommon * Usually occurs 30-60yo == Aetiology == === Primary (15%) === ** Benign idiopathic condition ** Not associated with any other conditions or symptoms ** Found incidentally === Secondary (85%) === ** COPD ** Immunocompromised state ** Post-transplant ** Leukaemia ** Lymphoma ** Vasculitis ** C...") Tag: Visual edit
22:5522:55, 27 February 2026 Small bowel lymphoma (hist | edit) [1,958 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Epidemiology''' == * Comprise about 20% of primary small bowel malignancies * One third of GIT lymphomas occur in the small bowel * In children <10yo, this is the most common intestinal neoplasm == '''Risk factors''' == * Coeliac disease * Immunodeficiency (e.g. AIDS) == '''Pathophysiology''' == * Primary small bowel lymphoma arises from lymphoid follicles of intestinal submucosa - therefore seen most commonly in areas with lots of lymphoid tissue (ileum and...") Tag: Visual edit
22:5422:54, 27 February 2026 Small bowel benign tumours (hist | edit) [4,030 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Epidemiology''' == * Frequency of benign tumours increases from the duodenum to the ileum == '''Adenoma''' == * Most common * Appear to be more common in ileum (50%) than duodenum (20%) or jejunum (30%) * Pathophysiology ** See 'adenocarcinoma' page for the adenoma-carcinoma sequence * Classification ** Villous *** High risk of malignant transformation (up to 50%) *** Coincident colonic adenomas are common *** Often present with bleeding or obstruction *** Can...") Tag: Visual edit
22:5322:53, 27 February 2026 Small bowel sarcoma (hist | edit) [496 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Sarcoma = malignant mesenchymal tumour * GIST (83%) * Leiomyosarcoma (3%) * Leiomyoma * Sarcomatoid epithelial neoplasms * Desmoids * Schwannomas * Undifferentiated sarcoma == Presentation == * Commonly pain, weight loss, bleeding, perforation, or palpable mass * Obstruction is rare, because they tend to enlarge extra-luminally Specific types: GIST * See separate topic under UGIS * Rarely occur in duodenum, but more common in jejunum/ileum Leiomyosarcoma: C...") Tag: Visual edit
22:5222:52, 27 February 2026 Midgut neuroendocrine tumours (hist | edit) [11,146 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " ''Refers to midgut neuroendocrine tumours/neoplasms and neuroendocrine carcinomas'' * ''Previously known as 'carcinoid tumours''' * ''Renamed since all NETs have malignant potential so this was a misnomer'' * ''See also: sections under 'pancreatic lesions' and 'foregut NETs' and 'lung cancer''' == '''Epidemiology''' == * Increasing incidence over past several decades - likely reflects better diagnostic capability * Mostly diagnosed 60-70yo == '''Risk factors:''' ==...") Tag: Visual edit
22:5122:51, 27 February 2026 Small bowel adenocarcinoma (hist | edit) [3,660 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == '''Risk factors''' == * Peutz-Jeghers * HNPCC (throughout small bowel) * FAP (duodenum) * Alcohol * Tobacco * Obesity * CF * Chronic inflammation * Coeliac disease * Usually present 50-70yo, unless predisposing condition * Known CRC * Crohn disease (70% in ileum) == '''Pathophysiology''' == * Adenoma-carcinoma sequence * Risk factors for malignancy in an adenoma ** Size >1cm ** Villous features == Presentation == * Most frequent symptom is pain (43%) * Also naus...") Tag: Visual edit
22:5022:50, 27 February 2026 Small bowel mass (hist | edit) [4,246 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== '''Epidemiology''' == * Small bowel is responsible for <2% of primary GIT malignant neoplasms ** More dilute and liquid contents of small bowel may cause less mucosal irritation than in the colon ** Rapid transit may reduce contact with carcinogens ** Lower bacterial load may reduce carcinogen exposure ** Increased lymphoid tissue may be protective ** Certain protective enzymes are only present in SB to metabolise carcinogens * High cancer rates among Maori and ethni...") Tag: Visual edit
22:4922:49, 27 February 2026 Enteritis (hist | edit) [4,410 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Enteritis in the immunocompromised host == * Seen in AIDS patients or transplant patients * Aetiology ** Protozoa *** Cryptosporidium, isospora and microsporidium are the most frequent agents causing diarrhoea in AIDS patients *** Diagnose based on acid-fast staining of stool or duodenal secretions, or specific antigen-based tests *** Immunochromatography cards are available with >90% sens/spec *** Symptoms mostly diarrhoea *** Treatment is prophylactic cotrimoxazol...") Tag: Visual edit
22:4722:47, 27 February 2026 Ileus (hist | edit) [4,931 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "''Obstipation and intolerance of diet due to non-mechanical factors'' == Aetiology == * Post-op (especially laparotomy) ** About 15% of colectomy ** 3% of hysterectomy ** 10% of radical cystectomy ** 10% of open AAA * Metabolic and electrolyte derangements (hypokalaemia, hyponatraemia, hypomagnesaemia, uraemia, diabetic coma, hypoparathyroidism) * Drugs ** Opioids ** Antihypertensive agents (calcium channel blockers including verapamil, clonidine) ** Antidiarrhoeal/sp...") Tag: Visual edit
22:4122:41, 27 February 2026 Small bowel obstruction (hist | edit) [18,229 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== '''Aetiology of jejunal and ileal SBO''' == {| class="wikitable" |'''Extra-luminal''' |Adhesions (65%) | ** Mostly from surgery, but can also be caused by peritonitis, diverticulitis, radiation enteritis, or PID ** Can be congenital ** Likely occurs more for pelvic procedures due to higher mobility of bowel ** Caused by fibrotic bands which are the end result of inflammation at sites of previous injury/surgery |- | |Internal hernia | |- | |Midgut (small bowel) volvulu...") Tag: Visual edit

28 February 2026

27 February 2026