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18:2418:24, 2 April 2026 Ventral rectopexy (hist | edit) [1,694 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Set-up: == * Lithotomy with left arm out (potentially both arms tucked would be helpful) * Skin on gel mat - extended head down is required for basically the whole procedure * IDC * Assistant stands on left == Technique: == * Infra-umbilical Hasson, 5mm ports in RIF x2 and LIF ** RLQ port needs to be above level ASIS to allow it to get across pelvic brim ** RUQ port needs to be more medial to allow triangulation on pelvis ** Left lateral port at level of umbilicus...") Tag: Visual edit

05:5805:58, 24 March 2026 Rigid sigmoidoscopy (hist | edit) [1,093 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Equipment == * Rigid sig - get from OT or CSSD - with light source * Lube (lots of packs) * PPE: bluies, long-sleeved gown, mask with eye shield, double long gloves * Rectal tube, drainage bag, flexitrak * Fleet enema to put up tube? == Set-up == * Nurse assistant * Positioning: left lateral with knees up, like colonoscopy; bottom near edge of bed; bed at comfortable height, assistant on opposite side supporting patient/holding them still * No analgaesia usually r...") Tag: Visual edit

04:1004:10, 1 March 2026 FEX - main classifications to know (hist | edit) [1,066 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " Common * IPMN - Fukuoka * Childs-Pugh * MELD * Mirizzi classification * BI-RADS * Hydatid disease * Crohn's and UC severity * Severe colitis * Bismuth-Corlette for hilar CCA * Acute pancreatitis - BISAP, CT severity, Atlanta severity * Malignancies commonly metastasising to each neck area * Bile duct injury * Oesophagitis severity * Barrett's endoscopic classification * Types of hiatus hernia * Bleeding gastric ulcers - Forrest * Anatomical classification for GOJ cance...") Tag: Visual edit
04:0104:01, 1 March 2026 FEX - common anatomy stations (hist | edit) [980 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " Common stations * '''Parotid''' * Submandibular gland * '''Neck triangles''' * '''Thyroidectomy''' * Parathyroid * '''Axilla''' * Thorax - thoracoscopic view * Trans-thoracic plane * '''Diaphragm''' * Aorta * '''Hiatus hernia''' * Stomach * Trans-pyloric plane * Cholecystectomy * IOC * '''Liver''' * Pancreas * Testes/scrotum * '''Rectum - MRI''' * '''TEP''' * Internal iliac artery * Ureter * Median nerve * Ulnar nerve * '''Femoral triangle''' * Popliteal fossa * Superf...") Tag: Visual edit
03:5603:56, 1 March 2026 FEX - operations (hist | edit) [5,188 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Hernias * '''[https://surgopaedia.org/wiki/Femoral_hernia#Management Femoral]''' * '''Inguinal''' * Obturator * Ventral ** Component separation * Lumbar * Perineal * Inguinal herniotomy * Spigelian '''Laparostomy''' * '''Graduated fascial closure''' Scrotal exploration * '''Torsion''' * Haematoma * Haematocoele * Radical orchidectomy * Epididymal cyst * Hydrocoele * Varicocoele - laparoscopic * Vasectomy Breast * '''Excisional biopsy, with localisation''' * '''...") Tag: Visual edit
01:2801:28, 1 March 2026 Carotid artery stenting (hist | edit) [390 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " Complications to CAS * Carotid dissection - usually due to overdilation of the artery ** Probably just end up covering the dissection with the stent * Thrombosed filter ** Leave in place and deploy aspirin catheter ** Then remove filter * Stent thrombosis ** May need to lyse clot with TPA * F/U: carotid duplex 1/12, 6/12. clopidogrel for 90 days. Statin for life. Category:Vascular") Tag: Visual edit
01:2801:28, 1 March 2026 Carotid endarterectomy (hist | edit) [4,130 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " Indications/contraindications - see separate topic under 'carotid atherosclerotic disease' == Pre-op: == * Notify neuro/stroke reg, even if elective/asymptomatic * Cranial and peripheral neurological exam documented pre-op * Patients undergoing carotid surgery after contralateral neck surgery require a cord check prior to OT * If there is high-grade stenosis (80-99%) and there has been a significant delay to surgery, arrange a repeat carotid duplex morning of OT to en...") Tag: Visual edit
01:2701:27, 1 March 2026 Haemodialysis access surgery (hist | edit) [9,720 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " Need 200-300mL/min for effective haemodialysis == Preparation: == * Medication management ** Withhold clopidogrel 5-7 days ** Warfarin can probably continue, INR <2.5 == Autogenous access principles: == * Access and identify vein ** With transposition accesses, the vein is completely dissected and mobilised, ligating all side branches ** Transect distal end of vein and flush with heparinised saline to evaluate the calibre and extent of the vein and to identify any s...") Tag: Visual edit
01:2701:27, 1 March 2026 Aortic bypass (hist | edit) [1,008 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " Aortobifemoral bypass * IDC, arterial line, antibiotics, consider cellsaver, consider epidural * Abdominal exposure of aorta, typically by an upper midline. Typically expose aorta between renal arteries and IMA. * CFA exposures in groin (control of inferior epigastric and circumflex iliacs proximally; control of SFA and PFA distally) * Develop tunnels posterior to inguinal ligament by blunt finger dissection. Sometimes partially divide inguinal ligament to prevent graf...") Tag: Visual edit
01:2601:26, 1 March 2026 Infra-inguinal bypass (hist | edit) [12,539 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Indications (for patients with TASC C or D disease, and no further endovascular options): == * Disabling claudication ** Trial of risk factor modification and exercise is indicated ** Only offer operation is risk/benefit ratio is high and the anatomical considerations are favourable * CLTI == Pre-op workup: == * Optimise comorbidities: ** Periop/anaesthetic review ** Rutherford's says just assume they all have coronary artery disease. Only postpone bypass in the p...") Tag: Visual edit
01:2601:26, 1 March 2026 Vascular grafts (hist | edit) [501 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Relevant characteristics of a graft: * Porosity * Durability * Tissue reactivity * Flexibility Types of graft * Autogenous ** Typically, GSV, LSV, fem/pop vein, cephalic and basilic veins ** Arterial segments can be used - especially internal mammary and radial artery ** Harvesting: *** Only grab adventitia with forceps to avoid crushing *** Don't impinge lumen by clipping branches too close to wall *** Don't over-distend *** Keep moist * Homologous * Synthetic * Bov...") Tag: Visual edit
01:2501:25, 1 March 2026 EVAR (hist | edit) [4,160 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " = Indications = * 80% of infrarenal AAA are now done with EVAR * Open repair reserved for those with complex anatomy or coexisting disease processes preventing EVAR Relative contraindications * CKD (high contrast load) * Poor iliofemoral access Absolute contraindications * Connective tissue disorders * Infected aneurysms * IMA is primary intestinal circulation Requirements * Adequate iliofemoral access - patency, diameter, ?calcification/thrombus, tortuosity * Ad...") Tag: Visual edit
01:2501:25, 1 March 2026 Lower extremity amputation operatives (hist | edit) [17,152 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Indications: == * Acute ischaemia ** Irreversible ischaemia ** Severe ischaemia with no revascularisation options ** Following unsuccessful attempts at revascularisation * Chronic ischaemia ** Failure of revascularisation (most common) ** Lack of suitable conduit or target arteries ** Severe patient comorbidities ** Poor functional status ** Extensive foot gangrene or infection such that foot salvage is not possible * Foot/leg infection ** Pedal sepsis without ischae...") Tag: Visual edit
01:2201:22, 1 March 2026 Temporal artery biopsy (hist | edit) [2,673 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Timing: == * Do not wait for biopsy before starting glucocorticoids, if indicated - the biopsy will remain positive for around a month after starting them == Pre-op: == * Clarify which side/both sides (referring doctor to decide). Note that there is no good evidence to decide whether to do one or both sides. UTD recommends doing unilateral in those with clear unilateral symptoms, and bilateral in others. == Anatomy: == * Superficial temporal artery is a branch o...") Tag: Visual edit
01:2201:22, 1 March 2026 Varicose veins procedures (hist | edit) [7,195 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== '''Open varicose veins surgery''' == === Pre-operative === * Ensure pre-op duplex USS available * Arrange pre-op marking of large perforating veins >=4mm * Mark all visible varicosities while patient is standing, prior to arrival in operating theatre * Mr Chuen prefers red marker with tram tracks === '''High ligation of GSV''' === * Mark landmarks in groin * Oblique incision over SFJ (3cm lateral and 2.5cm inferior to pubic tubercle) ** Can use USS to identify it...") Tag: Visual edit
01:2101:21, 1 March 2026 Open AAA repair (hist | edit) [6,094 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Indications == * '''Patients who cannot undergo EVAR''' ** Unfavourable anatomy for EVAR *** No aortic neck/hostile aortic neck (main indication) *** Proximal aortic necks that are short (<2cm), angled, trapezoidal, have a high burden of thrombus, or are heavily calcified can compromise seal *** Iliac artery occlusive disease (especially chronic total occlusion) can mean EVAR Is hard *** Concomitant CIA or EIA aneurysms (might still be able to do EVAR) *** Horseshoe...") Tag: Visual edit
01:2001:20, 1 March 2026 Angiogram (hist | edit) [8,854 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Preparation == * Review imaging/previous angiograms * Hb and eGFR * Consent * Orientation of room * Level of sedation ** GA required for unco-operative patient, unable to lie flat, difficult to access artery == Therapeutic technique == * Balloon angioplasty ** Mechanism: blunt dehiscence leading to fracture and separation of the intima from the media, with stretching of media and adventitia ** Types of systems: *** Over-the-wire **** Wire passes through the entire...") Tag: Visual edit
01:1901:19, 1 March 2026 Endovascular access (hist | edit) [13,783 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Choice of site == * '''Consider:''' ** Appropriateness for procedure - size, location ** Ability to obtain haemostasis afterwards - seal with manual compression/closure device *** Difficult factors: significant calcification; small diameter vessels ** Ability to safely convert to open if there is a complication ** Ensuring that cannulation of that site will have minimal adverse effects on the tissue being supplied by the access vessel *** Rarely an issue for diagnost...") Tag: Visual edit
01:1901:19, 1 March 2026 Central line placement (hist | edit) [8,602 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "'''Tunnelled catheters''' (can be left for months to years) * Permcath * Hickmann line '''Non-tunnelled catheters''' (can be left for days to up to 3 weeks) * Vascath '''Totally implantable catheters''' (can be left for months to years) * Portacath ** For long-term placement (e.g. cancer patients), ports are best option == Pre-op workup == * Coagulopathy/anticoagulants * Consider USS to confirm good calibre veins * II == '''IJV''' (usual site for haemodialysis c...") Tag: Visual edit
01:1201:12, 1 March 2026 Venous exposures (hist | edit) [2,038 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== '''Subclavian veins''' == * Anatomy ** Inferior to and superficial to the arteries * Approaches ** Infraclavicular is easiest == IVC == * Infra-hepatic (supra-renal) ** Expose epiploic foramen/lesser omentum ** Divide peritoneum overlying IVC (very thin layer) via a vertical incision ** Usually quite easy to place a loop around it, as this is above renal veins and below higher tribs * Level of renal veins ** Duodenum and pancreas Kocherised == '''GSV''' == * Aris...") Tag: Visual edit
01:1101:11, 1 March 2026 Arterial exposures (hist | edit) [21,820 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== '''General principles:''' == * Incision of adequate length * Use self-retainers where possible * Ligate lymphatics * Meticulous haemostasis * Stay as close to the vessel as possible * Avoid clamping or crushing heavily calcified segments * Handle vein conduits carefully * Use magnification for anastomoses == '''Carotid''' == * See separate topic under 'carotid endarterectomy' == '''Brachiocephalic''' == * Median sternotomy is generally required - same as below fo...") Tag: Visual edit
01:1001:10, 1 March 2026 Vascular techniques (hist | edit) [8,366 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " * Sutures for vascular anastomoses/repairs ** Generally monofilament nonabsorbable - Prolene or PTFE (can minimise needle-hole bleeding) ** {| class="wikitable" |Vessel |Suture size |- |Aorta |2-0 or 3-0 |- |Iliac |4-0 |- |Axillary, common carotid, CFA, SFA |5-0 |- |Internal carotid, popliteal, brachial |5-0 or 6-0 |- |Tibial and inframalleolar |7-0 or 8-0 |} Grafts * See separate topic under Vascular Operations == Techniques == * Exposure ** Plan the incision usi...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0801:08, 1 March 2026 Air embolus (hist | edit) [1,462 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " Air entry into the venous circulation == Pathophysiology == * Can occur during central venous cannulation when a pressure gradient favouring movement of air into venous circulation develops, via negative intra-thoracic pressure from spontaneous breathing, and gravitational gradient towards the right atrium * 100mL/sec of air can be drawn through a 14 gauge cannula with just a 5mmHg gradient * 200-300mL over a few seconds is generally required for fatal embolus * Caus...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0801:08, 1 March 2026 Lower extremity amputation (hist | edit) [2,530 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "First performed therapeutically by Hippocrates? Think of it as another therapeutic option in a patient with critical limb ischaemia, which can improve and QoL through pain relief, and return functionality == Indications == * Preservation of life through prevention of ascending infection and tissue loss * Relief of ischaemic pain * Removal of a neurologically malfunctioning foot == Types == * Minor ** Digit *** For minor tissue loss - confined to distal phalanx ***...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0701:07, 1 March 2026 Foot gangrene (hist | edit) [1,352 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " Gangrene - death and putrefaction of a body tissue. * Dry ** Dry/desiccated ** Usually defined line of demarcation between dry and wet tissue * Wet ** Affected tissue may still be partially perfused, retain some turgor ** No clear line of demarcation * Gas ** Anaerobic bacteria (Clostridia) invade tissue and muscle and release gas and toxins ** Can be rapidly fatal Essentially, it occurs because of inadequate blood flow to keep tissues viable. Therefore the goal of t...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0601:06, 1 March 2026 SVC syndrome (hist | edit) [4,658 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Aetiology: == * Malignant tumours of lung and mediastinum (60%) ** NSCLC 50% ** SCLC 22% ** Lymphoma 12% ** Metastatic cancer 9% ** Germ cell cancer 3% ** Thymoma 2% ** Thyroid, angiosarcoma, synovial cell carcinoma rare * Benign ** Intravenous catheters ** Pacemaker wires ** Mediastinal fibrosis ** Previous radiotherapy ** Retrosternal goitre ** Aortic dissection ** Risk increased in patients with thrombophilia == Presentation: == * Symptoms generally exacerbated...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0501:05, 1 March 2026 Diabetic foot (hist | edit) [9,422 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Incidence == * 25% of diabetics during lifetime == Pathophysiology == * == Risk factors == * * '''Poorly controlled diabetes''' * '''Vascular insufficiency''' ** Involved in 50% of diabetic foot ulcers and 70% of the mortality from ulcers ** Infra-popliteal occlusive disease with heavy calcification is the classic picture ** Higher risk of digital artery disease - can get digital ulceration even with palpable pedal pulses ** Also, femoral artery disease occurs in...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0401:04, 1 March 2026 Lower limb aneurysms (hist | edit) [2,466 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "* Frequently a/w aortic aneurysm == Popliteal aneurysms == * Majority are true * Definition ** 1.5-2cm popliteal artery external diameter * Risk factors ** Almost all in men ** Smoking ** HTN ** CAD * Presentations ** Incidental finding ** Pulsatile mass ** Acute limb ischaemia (thrombosis or embolism) ** Chronic claudication or blue toe syndrome * Natural history ** 30% will develop thromboembolism by three years * Examination ** Unreliable * Imaging ** Duplex USS fir...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0401:04, 1 March 2026 Lymphoedema (hist | edit) [4,799 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "The progressive accumulation of protein-enriched interstitial fluid == Pathophysiology == * Caused by relative impairment of lymphatic vascular function * Most common in upper or lower extremity * '''High-input lymphoedema''' - increased venous capillary pressure leads to increased production of interstitial fluid, which can exceed the transport capacity of lymphatic conduits * '''Low-output lymphoedema''' - compromised lymphatic flow * Tendency for these processes to...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0301:03, 1 March 2026 Chronic venous disorders (hist | edit) [5,350 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Epidemiology == * Prevalence 2-56% in men and 1-60% in women * Varicose veins in 40% of men and 16% of women * Ankle oedema 7% of men and 16% of women * Venous ulcers 1% of people * 57.8% of patients in Edinburgh Vein Study progressed over 13 years, with superficial vein reflux a predictor for increased likelihood of progression == Aetiology == * Varicose veins * Incompetent perforator * Deep venous reflux ** '''Pelvic congestion syndrome''' *** Pelvic pain, perine...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0201:02, 1 March 2026 Varicose veins (hist | edit) [6,363 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Subcutaneous veins in the lower extremities which are dilated to >=3mm in diameter in the upright position. * Can occur in axial superficial veins (GSV and SSV) or their tributaries. == Pathophysiology == * Thought to represent primary venous disease - may develop due to structural weakening of the vein wall, which can be focal or diffuse. * Most likely the result of underlying morphologic or biochemical abnormalities - but exact nature is not understood. * Valvular i...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0201:02, 1 March 2026 Tibioperoneal arterial occlusion (hist | edit) [1,373 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Anatomy == * ATA supplies anterior ankle and dorsum of foot * PTA supplies plantar foot * Peroneal artery supplies lateral ankle == Examination == * Ability to walk * Evidence of flexion contractures * Local infection/soft tissue oedema/venous disease * Arterial perfusion ** All pulses - check for inflow occlusion at femoral pulse - if evidence of inflow reduction, needs a CTA * ABI (<0.9 = significant stenosis) == Evaluation == * CTA is not as useful given the...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0101:01, 1 March 2026 Fem-pop occlusive disease (hist | edit) [6,674 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Aetiology == * Atherosclerosis (vast majority) * Fibromuscular dysplasia * Inflammatory arteridites * Entrapment syndromes * Cystic adventitial disease * Congenital vascular anomalies * Chronic compartment syndromes == Risk factors == * The usual == Diagnostic evaluation == * Asymptomatic * Intermittent claudication * Critical limb ischaemia ** Ischaemic rest pain (forefoot pain at rest) ** Ulceration on distal toes/bony prominences *** Look for arterial-type ul...") Tag: Visual edit
01:0001:00, 1 March 2026 Aortoiliac occlusive disease (hist | edit) [3,377 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Pathophysiology == * AIOD typically begins at aortic terminus and COA origins and slowly progresses proximally and distally * Claudication symptoms can often be managed easily non-operatively for years due to good collaterals (lumbar and hypogastric arteries connecting to circumflex iliac, hypogastric, femoral, PFA recipients), and rarely leads to CLTI * 40% have concomitant SFA disease and 35% have orifical PFA disease * Generally doesn't progress proximally to leve...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5900:59, 1 March 2026 Peripheral arterial disease (hist | edit) [10,035 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is defined as chronic occlusive disease of the lower extremities == Pathophysiology == * Chronic manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis in the arteries of the lower extremities * Think of the disease as a progression from asymptomatic PAD, to intermittent claudication (IC), to chronic limb-threatening ischaemia (CLTI) == Risk factors: == * Age - rare in <40yo, may affect 25% of >80yo * Smoking (OR 2-4) * Diabetes (OR 2-4) ** Asso...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5800:58, 1 March 2026 Ruptured AAA (hist | edit) [4,417 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Definitions: == * AAA with extra-luminal blood, either on CT or noted at surgery * Contained rupture - blood outside the aneurysm sac, but confined to the retroperitoneal space * Free rupture - bleeding directly into peritoneal cavity * Symptomatic non-ruptured AAA: back pain or tenderness over the aorta on deep palpation, but with an intact aneurysm on CT/surgery ** The pain is thought to be secondary to acute expansion of the wall, intramural haemorrhage, wall dege...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5700:57, 1 March 2026 Aneurysms (hist | edit) [10,820 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Aneurysm: dilatation of any blood vessel. == Classification: == * Size: ** Defined as 'a permanent localised dilatation of an artery having at least a 50% increase in diameter compared with the expected normal diameter of the artery in question.' ** 'Physical forces of wall tension are dictated by the absolute radius rather than by any ratio to a standardised normal size.' ** * * * * True vs false ** True: dilatation of the entire vascular wall ** False: locally co...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5600:56, 1 March 2026 Renal artery stenosis (hist | edit) [1,194 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Presentations == * Incidental * Systemic HTN and worsening renal function ** Guidelines suggest screening for RAS as part of a secondary HTN workup if resistant HTN (on three anti-HTNs and SBP>180), HTN at <30yo, sudden worsening of HTN, or discrepant kidney length on imaging. ** Duplex USS is best first test. Normal peak systolic velocity should be 60-100cm/sec in renal arteries == Treatment == === Medical === === Revascularization === * Renovascular HTN not re...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5500:55, 1 March 2026 Mesenteric ischaemia (hist | edit) [19,968 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Approach: == * There are four distinct disease processes - embolic, thrombosis, NOMI, and venous thrombosis * Review the four aetiologies below, and consider what the treatment would be: ** CT will identify '''embolisation''' or '''acute arterial thrombosis''', which needs an urgent laparotomy ** '''Mesenteric venous thrombosis''' is harder to diagnose, but keep in mind that these patients don't need a laparotomy anyway, unless the bowel is necrotic ** '''NOMI''' on...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5300:53, 1 March 2026 Aortic dissection (hist | edit) [6,527 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " Most common catastrophic event affecting the aorta == Definitions: == * Intra-mural haematoma - clinical picture of acute dissection but no blood flow in false lumen or any observable intimal lesions ** Manage same as acute aortic dissection == Pathophysiology == * Intimal tear followed by blood surging antegrade (common) or retrograde (uncommon) * Cleaves between intima and media, creating a false lumen * Typical tear is transverse, not circumferential * Fenestrati...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5200:52, 1 March 2026 Brachiocephalic reconstruction (hist | edit) [1,029 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Indications for diagnostic workup == * Vertebrobasilar insufficiency ** Vertigo, ataxia, binocular visual symptoms, drop attacks * Subclavian steal syndrome ** Vertebrobasilar insufficiency associated with arm exercise ** Reversal of flow in vertebral artery on duplex USS * Upper extremity ischaemia ** Absent/diminished/asymmetric pulses, limb fatigue * Embolic complications ** Ulcers or non-healing wounds of digits * Aneurysmal disease (e.g. right subclavian aneury...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5200:52, 1 March 2026 Thoracic outlet syndrome (hist | edit) [2,124 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Anatomy == * Compression of the neurovascular bundle can result from a variety of different pathologies ** Anomalous ribs - cervical ribs predispose patients to develop TOS after whiplash injuries ** Congenital cervical fibro-cartilaginous bands, associated with incomplete cervical ribs ** Muscular anomalies narrowing the space between anterior and middle scalenes ** Injury - chronic inflammatory change due to trauma === Compression of the neurovascular bundle in...") Tag: Visual edit
00:5100:51, 1 March 2026 Carotid artery aneurysms (hist | edit) [226 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "== Aetiology == * Mycotic (historically) * Post-CEA patch angioplasty infection * Atherosclerotic disease * Trauma * Connective tissue disorders == Diagnosis == * >1.5x normal carotid artery diameter Category:Vascular") Tag: Visual edit
00:1300:13, 1 March 2026 Carotid artery atherosclerosis (hist | edit) [6,554 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Pathophysiology == * Exact mechanisms by which it causes ischaemic strokes are not well-known * Two mechanisms: ** Embolisation - felt to be the predominant cause ** Hypoperfusion - only occurs in patients with severe multi-vessel occlusive disease in carotids and vertebrals * Severity of carotid artery stenosis is strongly associated with stroke risk - currently the most important predictor of benefit, along with ulcerated appearance on imaging * The term 'vulnerab...") Tag: Visual edit
00:1200:12, 1 March 2026 Vasculitis (hist | edit) [8,277 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Vasculitis - a group of inflammatory disorders that result in inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels with subsequent impairment of blood flow resulting in ischaemia and infarction of distal tissues. == Presentation == * Large-vessel vasculitis: limb claudication, vascular bruits, asymmetric blood pressures, or absence of pulses * Medium-vessel vasculitis: cutaneous nodules and ulcers, livedo reticularis, digital gangrene, mononeuritis multiplex, and renovascular hy...") Tag: Visual edit
00:1100:11, 1 March 2026 Aortoenteric fistula (hist | edit) [2,960 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "Communication between the aorta and GIT * Primary AEF: native aorta * Secondary AEF: reconstructed aorta == Pathogenesis: == * Most common location for primary AEF is D3/D4 (presumably due to tethering from ligament of Treitz against the pulsation of the aorta). Also described in oesophagus, intestine and stomach * Pathogenesis for primary AEF is uncertain * Location more variable for secondary AEF * Graft enteric fistulas tend to be more dramatic, whereas graft ente...") Tag: Visual edit
00:1100:11, 1 March 2026 Superficial thrombophlebitis (hist | edit) [2,564 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Risk factors == * Endothelial injury ** Trauma ** Insertion of venous catheter * Venous stasis ** Varicosities * Hypercoagulable states ** Need to evaluate all those patients who don't have a risk factor == Specific scenarios == * Superficial thrombophlebitis with varicose veins ** Mostly a/w VV ** Manifests as tender nodules with localised induration and erythema ** Mostly GSV but can occur in SSV ** DUS, follow-up with short-term repeat DUS, and anticoagulation...") Tag: Visual edit
00:1000:10, 1 March 2026 Deep vein thrombosis (hist | edit) [7,829 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Pathophysiology == * Thrombosis is a protective mechanism to prevent blood loss and seal off damaged blood vessels * Caused by an imbalance between the homeostatic factors normally involved in blood flow and thrombosis * Commonest in the lower limb, especially at low-flow sites such as soleal sinuses * Virchow's Triad ** Damage to the vessel wall ** Blood flow turbulence ** Hypercoagulability == Classification: == * Proximal DVT is defined by the Austin guideline...") Tag: Visual edit
00:0900:09, 1 March 2026 AV fistula (hist | edit) [681 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with " == Aetiology == * Trauma * Iatrogenic - percutaneous access == Risk factors == * Anticoagulation * Female * HTN * Left groin puncture == Clinical presentation == * Palpable thrill/bruit * Pulsatile mass * Steal syndrome * High-output heart failure - shunting == Treatment == * Indications ** Symptomatic ** Haemodynamic instability ** Failure to self-resolve * Ligation of fistula ** Proximal and distal control ** Dividing fistulous channel ** Primary repair of arte...") Tag: Visual edit
00:0900:09, 1 March 2026 Haemodialysis access (hist | edit) [15,062 bytes] SurgopaediaAdmin (talk | contribs) (Created page with "right|frameless|455x455px == Definition of a functional access: == * 350-400mL/min without access recirculation * Allows it to maintain dialysis time of <4 hours Primary patency: interval between the time of access placement and requiring an intervention to maintain access. Secondary patency: full life of the access point, including any interventions. == Options: == * Tunneled CVC * Arteriovenous prosthetic graft ** Should be placed as l...") Tag: Visual edit

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