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Pneumobilia

From Surgopaedia

Aetiology

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Recent biliary instrumentation

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    • ERCP
    • CBD stent placement
    • PTC or IOC

Incompetent sphincter of Oddi

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    • Sphincterotomy
    • Following passage of a gallstone
    • Scarring e.g. chronic pancreatitis
    • Drugs e.g. atropine
    • Congenital

Biliary-enteric surgical anastomosis

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    • Cholecystoenterostomy
    • Choledochoduodenostomy
    • Whipple

Spontaneous biliary-enteric fistula

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    • Cholecystoduodenal
    • PUD
    • Traumatic
    • Malignancy

Infection

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    • Cholangitis
    • Emphysematous cholecystitis (usually GB gas only)
    • Liver abscess (if contains gas and communicates with biliary tree)
    • Ruptured hydatid cyst

Biliary-bronchopleural fistula (rare)

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