Editing Electrosurgery (section)

== '''Hazards:''' ==

* Hazards to patient 
** Hazards with careless use
*** Narrow pedicles can create higher current densities = ischaemia
**** Avoid by using bipolar instead of monopolar
*** Ignition - alcohol, anaesthetic gases, manitol, bowel prep
*** Inadvertent activation
*** Activation of PPM
**** Use magnet
**** Avoid monopolar
*** Internal defibrillators should be deactivated prior to OT and reactivated after
*** Direct coupling
**** Don't activate close to other laparoscopic instruments
**** Be very careful around staple lines or other small bits of metal
**** Be aware of arcing - may represent subtle failure of insulation
** Hazards with careful use
*** Return plate burns
**** Surface area reduced - excessive hair, adipose tissue, bony prominences, fluid invasion, adhesive failure, scar tissure
**** For best results, choose a well-vascularised muscle mass, close to operative site
*** Neuromuscular stimulation
*** Insulation failure
*** Capacitive coupling
* Hazards to operative staff
** Noxious gases
** Burns