Editing Testis mal-descent (section)

== Pathology ==

* More common on the right
* Bilateral in 20% of cases
* May be:
** Intra-abdominal (usually lying extraperitoneal, just inside the internal ring)
** Intra-canalicular - may or may not be palpable
** Extra-canalicular - scrotal neck
** Ectopic - commonly superficial inguinal pouch (just inferior and medial to the superficial ring), femoral triangle, root of penis, or perineum
* Testis is usually macroscopically normal in early childhood but typically smaller by puberty than normal boys
* Microscopic changes apparent from 1-2 years of age (higher testis has higher degree of change)