Editing Congenital urinary tract abnormalities (section)

== Ureter ==

* Ectopic ureters
** Almost always a/w ureteric duplication
** In females - opens into the urethra below the sphincter or the vagina. Typical history is of dribbling for as long as she can remember.
** In males - the opening is above the external urethral sphincter so the patient is continent. Infection is common, since they are likely to be functionally abnormal.
** Refluxing ureters might need reimplantation
** Ectopic ureters in females often drain chronically infected renal tissue - best excised
* Ureterocoele
** Cystic enlargement of the intramural ureter, probably due to atresia of the ureteric orifice
** Usually present with infection in childhood
** In adults, typically present with stones in the lower ureter
** Endoscopic incision can release a stone stuck in a ureterocoele
** Nephrectomy may be required for hydronephrosis and severe cases
* Congenital megaureter
** Ureteric dilation with or without obstruction
** Mostly presents in childhood with severe infections
** Stones can form
* Retrocaval ureter
** Can lead to obstruction and the need to surgically move the IVC
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[[Category:Urology]]