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Bladder neoplasm
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== Histopathology == * 95% originate in transitional epithelium * Remainder arise from connective tissue (angioma, myoma, fibroma, sarcoma) * Benign papillary tumours - red sea anemone appearance * Urothelial cell carcinoma ** Risk factors *** Smoking *** Urothelial carcinogens **** Textile workers **** Dye workers **** Tyre rubber and cable workers **** Petrol **** Leather **** Shoe manufacturers and cleaners **** Painters **** Hairdressers **** Lorry drivers **** Drill press operators **** Chemical workers **** Rodent exterminators **** Sewage workers *** Shistosoma haematobilum ** Staging: *** Flat, non-invasive carcinoma-in-situ - does carry a poor prognosis unless treated promptly *** pTa: not invading lamina propria - unlikely to progress, excellent prognosis *** pT1: invading lamina propria - follow up carefully and treat aggressively as necessary *** pT2: muscle-invasive - much worse prognosis ** High-risk factors: *** High grade *** pT1 disease *** Concomitant CIS *** Multiple primary tumours *** Recurrent disease at first check cystoscopy, 3 months post-diagnosis
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